Likert Scale What Is It and How to Use It

A Likert scale is a close-ended, forced-choice scale used in a questionnaire that provides a series of answers that go from one extreme to another. For example, a scale might have five choices that start at one end with strongly agree and end at the other with strongly disagree, with less extreme choices in the middle three points. Likert scales are widely used in psychology and other social science research. Key Takeaways: Likert Scales A Likert scale enables respondents to choose from a linear set of responses that increase or decrease in intensity or strength. It is a close-ended, forced-choice scale.Widely used in psychological and other social science research today, Likert scales enable researchers to collect data that provides nuance and insight into participants’ opinions. This data is quantitative and can easily be analyzed statistically.Likert items often offer response categories on a 1-to-5 scale, but a range of options is possible, including 1-to-7 and 0-to-4 scales or even-numbered scales that typically range from 1-to-4 or 1-to-6. Creation of the Likert Scale The Likert Scale was developed by American psychologist Rensis Likert in 1932. Likert wanted to find a way to systematically measure individual attitudes. His solution was the scale that now bears his name. Likert scales offer a continuum or series of typically five to seven fixed-choice options. This enables people to self-report the extent to which they agree or disagree with a given proposition. As a result, Likert scales allow for more nuance than a simple binary response, like a yes or no. This is the reason why Likert scales are often used to collect data in psychological research. Likert Scale Format You know you’re completing a Likert scale if you’re asked to give an opinion in response to a statement by choosing from a series of choices that enable you to rate your degree of agreement. Sometimes instead of a statement, the item will be a question. The most important thing to note, however, is that the options from which you can choose your response offer a range of opinions that don’t overlap.   Likert scales create a linear set of responses that increase or decrease in intensity or strength. These response categories are open to respondent interpretation. So, for example, one respondent may select â€Å"agree† in response to a statement, while another feels the same way but selects â€Å"strongly agree instead. Regardless, respondents and the researchers collecting their data understand that â€Å"strongly agree† is considered a more intensely positive option than â€Å"agree.† While it’s most common to see Likert scales that include 5 to 7 response options, sometimes a researcher will use more. Nonetheless, it’s been observed that when people are presented with a greater number of response options they don’t tend to choose the responses at either end of the scale. Perhaps in a large scale the end-point options look too extreme. A scale with an odd number of response categories has a midpoint that will be considered neutral. If a researcher wants to force a respondent to choose whether they lean one way or another on a question, they can eliminate the neutral option by using a scale with an even number of options. Examples Here are some examples of Likert items from real psychological questionnaires. From the Big 5 Personality Trait Short Questionnaire: I see myself as someone who is full of energy, likes to always be active. 0.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Totally disagree 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Disagree a little 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Neutral opinion 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Agree a little 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Totally Agree From the Meaning in Life Questionnaire: I am always looking to find my life’s purpose 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Absolutely untrue 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mostly untrue 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Somewhat untrue 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Can’t say true or false 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Somewhat true 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mostly true 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Absolutely true From the BBC Well-Being Scale: Do you feel you have control of your life? 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Not at all 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A little 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Moderately 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Very Much 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Extremely Likert scales can be used to ask for a wide range of attitudes besides agreement. In addition to the examples above, Likert items can ask about how frequently an individual does something (endpoints for a frequency item would be â€Å"Very frequently† and â€Å"Never†), how important an individual believes something is to them (endpoints for an importance item would be â€Å"Very Important† and â€Å"Not very important†), and how much one likes something (endpoints for a liking item would be â€Å"A lot† and â€Å"Not at all†). Advantages and Disadvantages of Likert scales By including several categories to choose from in the response to each item, Likert scales enable a researcher to collect data that provides nuance and insight into participants’ opinions. Also, this data is quantitative so its fairly easy to analyze statistically. On the other hand, Likert scales may be impacted by respondents need to appear socially desirable. Especially if a participant holds an opinion that they know would be deemed socially unacceptable, they may choose a response to an item that will make their opinion seem more appropriate to the rest of the world. For example, an individual is unlikely to agree with items that would cause them to seem prejudiced when completing a questionnaire about attitudes towards minorities, A possible remedy for this issue could be to allow respondents to fill out questionnaires anonymously. Sources Cherry, Kendra. â€Å"Using Likert Scales in Psychology.† Verywell Mind, 14 June 2018. https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-a-likert-scale-2795333Jamieson, Susan. Likert Scale. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 16 December 2013. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Likert-ScaleKinderman, Peter, Schwannauer, Matthias, Pontin, Eleanor, and Tai, Sara. The Development and Validation of a General Measure of Well-Being: The BBC Well-Being Scale. Quality of Life Research, vol. 20, no. 7, 2011, pp. 1035-1042. doi: 10.1007/s11136-010-9841-zMcLeod, Saul. â€Å"Likert Scale.† Simply Psychology, 24 October 2008. https://www.simplypsychology.org/likert-scale.htmlMorizot, Julien. Construct Validity of Adolescents Self-Reported Big Five Personality Traits: Importance of Conceptual Breadth and Initial validation of a Short Measure. Assessment, vol. 21, no. 5, 2014, pp. 580-606.  doi: 10.1177/1073191114524015,The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. â€Å"Rensis Likert.† Encyclopaedia Brit annica, 30 August 2018. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rensis-LikertSteger, Michael F., Frazier, Patricia, Oishi, Shigegiro, Kaler, Matthew. The Meaning in Life Questionnaire: Assessing the Presence of and Search for Meaning in Life. Journal of Counseling Psychology, vol. 53, no. 1, 2006, pp. 80-93. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.53.1.80

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome - Research Paper - 1872 Words

Abstract Sudden Infant Death Syndrome remains the leading cause of post-neonatal mortality (under the age of one) in developed countries. The causes of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome have been puzzling and research is being conducted to solve this catastrophic problem. Having a child under the age of one makes me very concerned, along with any other parent(s), that the possibility of SIDS could affect any infant at anytime, SIDS does not discriminate. I am seeking to find the possible causes to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome so in the future deaths could be avoided. Researchers have studied the many possible causes of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and four have been selected for this paper. The first study addressed the effects of an†¦show more content†¦Incongruent Cerebral Growth in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Journal of Child Neurology, 20, 244-246. The objective of this correlational study was to find a correlation between the weight of the brain at the time of death and the incidence of SIDS. In addition the researchers examined the relationship between brain growth and head circumference. Sample: The authors/researchers began with one hundred twenty brains that were divided into the following groups: 97 brains from SIDS victims and 23 from victims which died having no occurrence of brain damage. Method: Between 1980 and 2003 each victim, within the same local population, had an autopsy performed. Autopsy data was obtained from reports coming from a single neuropathologist (H.K.). The weight of the brain was recorded after the spinal cord was detached at the point of the foramen magnum and the dura mater was removed. The researchers looked for a correlation between the weight of the brain (independent variable) and the occurrence of SIDS (dependent variable). The weights of the individual brains were compared with the norm brain weight. The researchers then compared the brain weight against the infants head circumference. Findings: The results revealed that the weight of the brain in SIDS victims was heavier than the non SIDS group; therefore 72% of SIDS victims brains are abnormally heavier than their counterpart of only 13% being heavier. It was found thatShow MoreRelatedEssay on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome1856 Words   |  8 Pages Abstract Sudden Infant Death Syndrome remains the leading cause of post-neonatal mortality (under the age of one) in developed countries. The causes of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome have been puzzling and research is being conducted to solve this catastrophic problem. Having a child under the age of one makes me very concerned, along with any other parent(s), that the possibility of SIDS could affect any infant at anytime, SIDS does not discriminate. 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Gender Differences and the Brain - 619 Words

All people are different in their own ways, but scientists want to know if there are differences in the two gender’s brains. There are many differences between genders that are obvious, but there are some things that are not as simple or easy to study. The way people learn and think are examples of things that have to be studied very carefully to find an answer. Boys and girls do perform differently if they are enrolled in single-sex educational programs rather than co-ed programs as shown in many scientific studies. Test scores for both genders were a great deal higher in the single-sex schools than they were in the co-ed schools. College entrance exams were given and the same things were found to be true regarding the students’ performance. The single-sex programs allow the teachers to use a curriculum that best suits and is geared towards the gender of students they are instructing. There are three categories of evidence based on grades and test scores which are majo r nationwide studies, â€Å"before and after† studies, and academic studies. Major nationwide studies involve a large quantity of students in countries where single-sex public education is widely available. â€Å"Before and after† studies compare schools before and after the implication of single-sex classrooms. Academic studies require scientists to attempt to control random variables. In all of these categories of evidence, the results supported the conclusion that single-sex education is more beneficial andShow MoreRelatedEssay about Gender Differences1657 Words   |  7 Pagesthat major gender differences exists, however scientific studies have prove that this difference occur mainly due to different rate of biological development, understanding this will help overcome negative impact brought about by perceived gender differences. 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Effectiveness of Transport Management Aspects

Question: Discuss about the Effectiveness of Transport Management Aspects. Answer: Introduction Transport management is constrained between different aspects that need to be managed properly to ensure that there are effective operations. In a company, the transport manager is responsible for different tasks that cover transport and logistics sector. One of the main responsibilities is to negotiate with customers on the terms and conditions of delivering the products. In these case, the Incoterms to be selected is agreed upon at the benefit of the business-customer relationship. Therefore, this paper will discuss the effectiveness and efficiency of the transport management aspects in Sony Company. The Incoterms selection, carrier selection, and carrier relationship management will be considered in this paper. Sony is a company that focuses on the production of various electronics for personal, home, and commercial use. Sony is among the leading producers of electronics in the world, thus dominating the professional and consumer markets. Sony Group focuses on different investments such as professional gaming, electronics, entertainment and financial services. It has been ranked the fourth world television manufacturer after Samsung, LG and TCL indicating that it delivers most of its products to different parts of the globe. Due to its diversity, it has developed different outlets and branches in various countries across the world to cover the markets effectively. Through its business strategies, it has reached more customers effectively to the end users by delivering quality products. Despite being a large producer of TVs and video games, it also is known for its audio devices productions such as home theaters and car systems (Sony, 2016). Also, it has ventured into mobile production sector, and Sony Xperia has been the most famous gadget that has been produced. Therefore, Sony Xperia smartphones have been competing with other gadgets from other companies such as Samsung, Apple, and LG in the marketplace (Cavusgil, K night, Riesenberger, 2012). The main objective of Sony Corporation is to produce and deliver quality products to the numerous customers around the world. Incoterms Selection Consideration The efficiency of transportation through the 3PLs is directly connected to the type of Incoterms selected by the company. Therefore, a manufacturing company or any other firm involving 3PLs should be considerate in determining the best Incoterms for the business. Some inconveniences might be caused by investing some incoterms like in cases when the importer has to undertake full responsibility for the carrier payment (Blanchard, 2010). Some people might delay payments thus affecting the trust between the company and the Third-party logistics company. The type of transactions between the importer and exporter determines the best incoterm(s) to be selected. In situations where it is a relationship between companies, an importer can be entrusted with full responsibility by paying on delivery. Learning the differences between the Incoterms will be important for both parties. The following is a figure showing the Incoterms. Figure: Incoterms diagram (Lundesjo, 2015) Sony manages its relations with the 3PLs by employing type C and D forms of Incoterms to ensure that there are inconveniences with the payments. It does not mean that incurs much cost in payments of the carrier cost, rather the prices of the products are standardized to cater for those expenses (Sony, 2016). In some situations, the company requests the customers to pay the products price together with the importation fees so that they can pay the carrier before they are delivered. Most importers of Sony products are an end-user individual who is importing for either personal or commercial use. Therefore, Sony includes the exportation fee in the price to ensure that the products are delivered effectively. Therefore, the carrier is objected to delivering the products and claiming the payments from the company and not the customers. Sony should be considerate of the type of Incoterms being selected to ensure that the customer trust and relationship is managed and at the same time the 3PLs feel comfortable. For instance, if Sony subsidizes the importation fee for the customers may raise the trust, thus boosting the relationships. Therefore, type E and F will be the best Incoterms to fit in Sony logistics. On the other side, the logistics company need efficient payment channel that does not require extended relationships. Due to this reason, Sony should stick to its chosen Incoterms to maintain the relationships with the customers and the 3PLs involved. The payment process should be done after delivery to ensure the safety of the products. Also, this will make the logistics company much keen about the transportation process. Therefore, after the confirmation of the cargos safety and wellness, the payment is then credited to the company (Chopra Meindl, 2007). Carrier Selection Criteria Sony Corporation has chosen two amongst the best Third-party logistics firms to undertake their external outsourcing. The 3PLs selected had to be eligible for the transportation of high-tech products, with great care to avoid demolitions that might lead to great losses. ModusLink Global Solutions and Penske Logistics are the companies working with Sony to ferry their production to different parts of the world (SupplyChainBrain, 2013). There are several factors that companies consider before selecting a 3PL company for their logistics. Therefore, the factors that led Sony to select ModusLink Global Solutions and Penske Logistics are discussed in the subtopics below: - Accessibility Sony is a global company, whose products are targeting markets in different parts of the world. Therefore, the transportation of the products has to be linked to a 3PL that has offices accessible to the main branches of the company and others in different continents. For instance, the manufacturing company for Sony in North America should access the logistics firm effectively. ModusLink Global Solutions is a logistics Company that is oriented to international business, and it has branches in various continents such as North America, Asia-Pacific, and Europe (ModusLink, 2016). Also, Penske Logistics has extended its business by opening offices in China and India, which are areas contributing to a significant percentage in Sonys markets (Penske, 2016). Capacity Penske Logistics is a company that has been focusing on providing services to General Motors, tier-one, and Daimler firms (Penske, 2016). This indicates that it has enough capacity to transport large cargo across the globe. Also, it has extended its logistics services to other companies such as Samsung and Emerson among others. Because of the large capacity of ModusLink Solutions observed for owning eight warehouses in the United States and five in Europe, two in Mexico and fifteen in Asia Pacific, Sony selected the Logistics firm to undertakes its outsourcing services (ModusLink, 2016). These 3PLs have enough capacity to serve Sonys logistical requirements. Transit Sony products have to be transported from the manufacturing companies of stores to their specific outlets. Since it is an international company, 3PLs involved must be having the capability to transport goods internationally. Based on the fact that ModusLink Global Solutions and Penske Logistics have warehouses in different continents, they are capable of transporting Sony products effectively to different places around the world. Reliability The companies selected have been reliable to their other customers by ensuring that the deliveries are made in time. Also, Sony checked the reliability of deliveries by evaluating the rate damages for their services based on the previous works. Therefore, it was discovered that Penske and ModusLink are reliable companies in the logistics sector. Due to their reliability, they were offered the job of working closely with Sony by undertaking the outsourcing activities. Safety The products manufactured by Sony are delicate and have to be transported by an individual who has the capability of carrying fragile materials. Also, the products are of high-value that needs to be kept in safety throughout the transportation process. ModusLink and Penske have been identified as a logistical company that has been transporting high-value cargo, thus being entrusted by producers of expensive products. Therefore, these companies are capable of transporting high-tech and high-value cargo without any doubt of delivery. Carrier Relationship Management Carrier relationship needs to be long lasting to enhance the businesses between the two companies. A more firm business relationship between the carrier and Sony Company will raise the trust between the two parties and renewal of the contracts can be extended or revalidated if the business is satisfied with the services. Companies that do not have firm or predictable relationships will not be willing to engage in the deep business transaction because there is not security and assurance. The logistics cost to be expected from a new company should be benchmarked with previous companies to avoid losses. Also, the services provided should be of higher quality to ensure that the company is achieving its developmental strategies (Rushton Walker, 2007). Relationship Chosen by Sony: Partnership Type II The type of outsourcing relationship that was considered by Sony is the partnership type II for their logistical business transactions. There are several advantages why type II relationship was chosen by Sony to maintain the 3PLs. for instance, Type I is characterized by short-term contractual relationships, which will be between the third-party logistics firms and Sony thus making the business relationships ineffective. (Wood, Barone, Murphy, Wardlow, 2012). Reliable business relationships need to be long-term to raise the level of trust between the parties. Therefore, an agreement made will be profitable to both businesses because they will run for a longer term that benefits Sony and the Logistics firms such as Penske (Monczka, 2010). Sony Corporation will be more advantaged in signing a contract with 3PLs by embracing type II partnership that is characterized by long-term contractual business relationships. In such cases, the company is secure to conduct extended business activities, thus having the assurance of their completion within the perceived period. The company can also invest in such relationships and expect to acquire a payback a time before the contract expires. Several transport services are offered in long-term contracts such as vendor certification programs, dedicated freight lanes, guaranteed annual volumes and incentives for cost reduction. Just because the parties will be involved in a business relationship for a longer time, the carrier can offer cost cuts for the services offered within their period of offering services (Monczka, 2010). Recommendations The Sony Corporation is supposed to undertake analysis towards the best-fitted form of 3PL relationships to be employed. It is not a must to create similar relationships on all the 3PLs involved in the outsourcing activities. Rather, cost analysis can be undertaken to evaluate which of the relationships will be cheap and effective and the desired length of the transactions. Therefore, all the decisions made pertaining the 3PL relationships should be for the benefit of Sony Corporation. Conclusion In conclusion, the effectiveness of transport management strategy is determined by the decisions made by the logistics manager in the company. The methods of delivering the products to the customers can be profitable depending their efficiency and reliability. Sony Company needs to hire a carrier that is competitive and reliable. The reliability of transport and logistics services will highly depend on the type of relationship perceived between the parties. The most effective partnership is having a long-term contractual relationship, which builds up trust on conducting business activities. The company should always have a contingency plan to cater for the cases of inconveniences and misfortunes with the carrier firm. Therefore, the business operations will be undertaken in a balanced and secure ground. References Blanchard, D. (2010). Supply chain management best practices. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Bowersox, D., Closs, D., Cooper, M. (2007). Supply chain logistics management. Boston, Mass.: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Cavusgil, S., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J. (2012). International business. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall/Pearson. Chopra, S. Meindl, P. (2007). Supply chain management. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Lundesjo, G. (2015). Supply chain management and logistics. Kogan Page. ModusLink, (2016). Supply Chain Logistics Solutions - ModusLink Global Solutions. Retrieved 5 August 2016, from https://www.moduslink.com/ Monczka, R. (2010). Purchasing supply chain management. Andover, Hants. South-Western/Cengage Learning. Penske, (2016). 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